Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): New Virus Emerging in China –Symptoms & Treatment

What is Human Metapneumovirus?

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a virus that exhibits a seasonal pattern of upper and lower respiratory infections with increased activity during the winter and early spring, typically from January to March. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is associated with the same viral family manifesting common symptoms and demonstrating coinciding seasonal trends, with RSV generally being active in early winter months and tending to escalate from mid-winter extending into early spring.

Could HMPV be the next pandemic?

According to research, HMPV is unlikely to cause a pandemic as it is not a new virus as SARS-COVID. It has been circulating for decades. Dutch researchers who first isolated in 2001 found antibodies in almost all children aged five and older, indicating widespread exposure and immunity.
According to reports from the World Health Organisation, there are no unusual outbreaks of acute respiratory infections, including HMPV, in China. As expected for winter, there is a slight trend of common infections, including RSV and HMPV, which is not overwhelmed.
In addition, studies suggest that HMPV has a low potential for causing a pandemic, unlike the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Also, experts suggest that pandemics typically occur when a completely new virus enters the human population, as seen with COVID-19, or when a new variant of an existing virus emerges from an animal reservoir.

HMPV virus: History of China outbreaks

As we read the fact, though virus was initially identified in 2001 its impact has been extended beyond Europe. Reports of HMPV in China also began after few years of its discovery.  Initially there were certain confusions in diagnosis of HMPV infections due to similarities of HMPV with another respiratory virus. As awareness and research increased the diagnostic method was optimized which led to accurate detection and better treatment of HMPV virus.

The history of HMPV in China highlights the importance of continuous research and education to ensure timely and effective responses to emerging infectious diseases
In addition, there are recent notable case studies on Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) in China. One significant outbreak occurred in late 2024, when HMPV cases surged in Beijing and other provinces. This outbreak was notable for its high rate of infections, particularly among children under 14. During this period, the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) reported a significant increase in respiratory infections caused by HMPV. The outbreak highlighted the need for improved diagnostic methods and public health strategies to manage and contain the virus. These case studies emphasize the importance of continuous monitoring and research to better understand HMPV and develop effective treatments and preventive measures.

HMPV virus symptoms

HMPV infection manifests with a range of symptoms that can vary in severity. Common symptoms include:

• Chronic cough
• Runny nose
• Sore throat
• Mild to high fever
• Nasal congestion
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Wheezing
• Difficulty breathing
• Nasal congestion
  
  Generally, adults experience mild flu-like symptoms. Complications can occur in immunocompromised individuals or people with chronic lung disease, where symptoms may progress to complications such as:
• Asthma exacerbations: Frequent episodes of asthma symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath and chest tightness.
• Acute bronchitis: Inflammation and congestion in the small airways of the lungs primarily affecting young children and infants.
• Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs.

Modes of transmission

HMPV primarily spreads from an infected person to others through:

• Secretion from coughing and sneezing
• Getting close personal contact, such as touching or shaking hands
• Touching virus-infected surfaces or items and then your nose, eyes or mouth

How long the HMPV virus can be contagious?

HMPV virus is contagious like any virus means one can contract it through contact with an infected person. HMPV is seasonal with a higher likelihood of occurrence during the winter and early spring months. The contagious period for human metapneumovirus is typically between three and six days. According to experts most individuals develop symptoms within three to five days of exposure.

Prevention of HMPV

To protect yourself and others from HMPV, consider the following preventive measures:

• Ensure hand hygiene: To clean your hands, wash them with soap for at least 20 seconds. 
  Avoid close contact: Restrain from having close contact with people who have flu-like symptoms such as sore throat, cold, fever and cough.
• Disinfect surfaces: Wash frequently touched items and surfaces.
• Wear masks: Using masks, especially in crowded places, can help prevent transmission.
  Stay home when sick: If you are unwell, avoid spreading the virus to others by isolating and staying at home.
• Health experts particularly recommend high-risk individuals to take adequate precautions, especially during peak winter and spring months.

HMPV Treatment 

Currently, no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment is available to treat or prevent HMPV infection. Therefore, the primary management of HMPV is mainly supportive care to manage the symptoms. Here are some of the common approaches.
Hydration: Ensure that the person stays well-hydrated.
Rest: Proper rest helps one recover their immune system.
Medications: The healthcare provider prescribes medications after taking your symptoms and illness severity into account. 
Bronchodilator and oxygen therapy: For individuals experiencing severe symptoms due to HMPV infection, healthcare providers may recommend treatments such as bronchodilators to help open the airways or supplemental oxygen to assist with breathing.

Future strategies and research on HMPV

Studies on Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is advancing rapidly. Scientists are delving into its genetic structure and how it interacts with the human immune system. Recent studies are focusing on developing vaccines. Although HMPV is not as well-known as some other viruses, its potential to cause outbreaks makes this research vital.

There is also growing interest in exploring new treatment options beyond traditional methods. Antiviral therapies could become important in managing severe HMPV infections.
Global collaboration among researchers is crucial to drive innovative solutions. As our understanding of HMPV grows, public health strategies can be improved to effectively address future threats from this virus.

Conclusion

HMPV infection usually resolves on its own with supportive care. However, it is important to seek your healthcare provider, especially with underlying health conditions or weakened immune systems, to prevent complications and monitor health.
Globally the possible threats that can be reported by HMPV virus is under vigilant surveillance. This virus though older requires additional research on its virulence. By staying updated about human metapneumovirus, individuals can be prepared for potential outbreaks or guidelines provided by public health authorities. By practicing proper healthcare strategies and adhering to preventive steps, you can play a crucial role in tackling the effect of this virus.