A computerized tomography (CT) coronary angiogram is an imaging test that looks at the arteries that supply your heart with blood. Unlike traditional coronary angiograms, CT angiograms don't use a catheter threaded through your blood vessels to your heart.Instead, a CT coronary angiogram relies on a powerful X-ray machine to produce images of your heart and its blood vessels. CT angiograms are noninvasive and don't require any recovery time. Coronary CT angiograms are increasingly an option for people with a variety of heart conditions.Both CT and traditional coronary angiograms expose you to radiation. If you have known coronary artery disease, a traditional coronary angiogram may be a better option, since you can also receive treatment for your coronary artery disease during that procedure.

CTVS, or cardio thoracic vascular surgery, addresses diseases and conditions affecting the heart, blood vessels, and chest organs. Fortis Hospital Mohali, the premier heart surgery hospital in India, offers a broad range of CTVS treatments with the latest technology and a team of highly skilled and experienced surgeons. Our outstanding track record in successful surgeries and patient outcomes makes us the best Cardio Thoracic Vascular Surgery Hospital in India.

Why Fortis Hospital Mohali is the top choice for Cardio Thoracic Vascular Surgery hospital in India:

• Surgical Expertise: Our dedicated cardiovascular and thoracic surgeons excel in treating complex cardiothoracic disorders, offering customised care for challenging conditions.
• Cutting-Edge Technology: Fortis Healthcare employs state-of-the-art technology and advanced surgical techniques, ensuring accuracy and efficiency in every procedure.
• Holistic Care: From coronary artery disease to congenital heart defects, our versatility allows personalised care for a wide range of heart and lung conditions.
• Multidisciplinary Collaboration: A collaborative effort involving specialties like cardiology, pulmonology, anaesthesia, and radiology results in individualised treatment plans and optimal care.
• Patient-Centric Approach: Prioritising patient needs, we offer tailored treatment plans, comprehensive pre and post-operative care, cardiac rehabilitation programs, and a dedicated healthcare team.
• Commitment to Innovation: Actively participating in research, clinical trials, and studies, we strive for continuous improvements in CTVS procedures, ensuring safer and better outcomes.

Surgical Options For Heart Surgery At Fortis Hospital Mohali

1. Aortic Surgery: The aorta is the main blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from your heart to the rest of your body. Sometimes, the aorta can become weak, bulge, or tear. This can cause life-threatening bleeding or rupture. Aortic surgery is a procedure that repairs or replaces the damaged part of the aorta. At Fortis, our surgeons are experts in aortic surgery. They use the latest techniques and equipment to ensure your safety and recovery. Aortic surgery can restore normal blood flow and prevent serious complications. It can also improve your heart health and quality of life.
2. Aortic Valve Surgery: The aortic valve is a flap that opens and closes to regulate blood flow between your heart and your aorta. If the valve is damaged, it can affect how well your heart pumps blood. Aortic valve surgery is a procedure that fixes or replaces the faulty valve. At Fortis, we offer a range of options for aortic valve surgery. We use minimally invasive methods, such as endoscopic, non-sternotomy, and MAZE procedures. These methods involve smaller incisions, less pain, and faster healing. Aortic valve surgery can enhance your heart function and prevent problems like chest pain, shortness of breath, or heart failure.
3. Arrhythmia Surgery: Arrhythmia is a condition that causes your heart to beat too fast, too slow, or irregularly. This can affect how well your heart delivers blood to your body. Arrhythmia surgery is a procedure that corrects the abnormal heart rhythm. At Fortis, our team of specialists who can diagnose and treat arrhythmia. We use advanced methods, such as catheter ablation, pacemaker implantation, or defibrillator insertion. These methods target the source of the arrhythmia and restore a normal heartbeat. Arrhythmia surgery can improve your blood circulation and reduce the risk of stroke, heart attack, or sudden cardiac death.
4. Corrective Surgery for Genetic Heart Defects: Genetic heart defects are problems with the structure or function of the heart that are present from birth. They can affect how the heart pumps blood or how the blood flows through the heart. Corrective surgery for genetic heart defects is a procedure that fixes the congenital abnormality. At Fortis, we have a dedicated team of pediatric cardiologists and cardiac surgeons who can treat genetic heart defects. We use customized approaches, such as valve repair, septal defect closure, or shunt placement. These approaches aim to improve the heart’s performance and prevent further damage. Corrective surgery for genetic heart defects can enhance your heart health and long-term outcomes.
5. Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG): Coronary artery disease is a condition that causes the arteries that supply blood to your heart to become narrow or blocked. This can reduce the blood flow to your heart and cause symptoms like chest pain, fatigue, or palpitations. It can also increase the chance of a heart attack. CABG, or heart bypass surgery, is a procedure that improves the blood flow to your heart. At Fortis, we use a healthy blood vessel from your own body to create a new route for the blood to bypass the blocked artery. This restores the oxygen and nutrients to your heart and relieves the symptoms. CABG can also lower the risk of future heart problems and help you resume a normal lifestyle.
6. Surgery for Heart Failure: Heart failure is a condition that occurs when your heart cannot pump enough blood to meet your body’s needs. This can cause symptoms like shortness of breath, swelling, or fatigue. It can also affect your organs and your survival. Surgery for heart failure is a procedure that helps your heart work better. 

•  LVAD (Left Ventricular Assist Device): LVAD is a mechanical device that assists the pumping function of your left ventricle, the main pumping  chamber of your heart. It helps deliver enough blood to your body and supports your vital organs. LVAD can be a lifesaver for people with advanced heart failure.
• Left Ventricular Remodelling/Surgical Ventricular Restoration: This technique reshapes your left ventricle after a heart attack. It removes the scarred or damaged tissue and restores a more normal shape and size. This improves the pumping efficiency and reduces the workload of your heart.
•  Heart Transplant: Heart transplant is a surgical intervention that replaces your failing heart with a healthy one from a donor. It is the last resort for people with end-stage heart failure who do not respond to other treatments. Heart transplant can give you a new chance at life.
• Awake Heart Surgeries: These surgeries are performed on or off-pump under high thoracic epidural, which numbs your chest area but keeps you awake. They are an alternative for certain patients who cannot tolerate general anesthesia. They reduce the risks and complications associated with traditional anesthesia.

7. Cardiothoracic and Vascular Procedures: Cardiothoracic and vascular procedures are surgeries that involve the heart, lungs, and blood vessels. They are used to treat various conditions that affect your cardiovascular system, such as

• Bypass Surgery (Off-Pump and Keyhole): These procedures create new paths for blood flow to bypass blocked arteries in your heart or other parts of your body. They are similar to CABG, but they use different techniques. Off-pump surgery does not use a heart-lung machine, while keyhole surgery uses small incisions and a camera. These techniques minimise the trauma and speed up the recovery.
•  Major Aortic Cardiac Aneurysm Surgeries: These surgeries are for aortic aneurysms, which are bulges or weak spots in your aorta, the largest artery in your body. They are critical to prevent potential ruptures that can be fatal. The surgeon repairs or replaces the affected part of the aorta with a synthetic graft or a stent.
• Minimal Access Aortic Arch Replacement: This is a less invasive way to replace the aortic arch, the curved part of the aorta that branches off to your head and arms. It involves making a small incision in your chest and using a special device to insert a new graft. It reduces the surgical impact and the recovery time.
• Aortic Surgery (Hybrid and Endovascular Aortic Surgery):These are innovative ways to treat aortic diseases, such as aneurysms, dissections, or ulcers. They combine the best of both open and minimally invasive surgeries. Hybrid surgery uses a combination of surgical and endovascular techniques, while endovascular surgery uses catheters and stents to repair the aorta from inside. They offer tailored solutions for effective treatment.

Best Interventional Cardiology Hospital in India: Interventional Cardiology Treatments Hospital | Fortis Hospital Mohali

Interventional cardiology is a minimally invasive way of diagnosing and treating various heart and blood vessel diseases using catheter-based techniques. These techniques are minimally invasive, meaning they do not require open surgery or large incisions. Instead, they use thin tubes called catheters that are inserted through a small puncture in the skin and guided to the affected area using X-ray or ultrasound imaging. Interventional cardiology can offer many benefits for patients, such as faster recovery, less pain, lower risk of infection, and shorter hospital stay.

Some of the common conditions that interventional cardiology can treat include:

Coronary artery disease (CAD): In this condition the arteries carrying blood to the heart muscle become narrowed or blocked. This condition can lead to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, or even a cardiac attack. 

Valvular heart disease: This is the dysfunction of the heart valves that regulate the flow of blood between the chambers of the heart. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue, swelling, or heart failure. 

Structural heart disease: This is the abnormality of the shape or function of the heart or its components. This can be present at birth (congenital) or develop later in life (acquired). Some examples are atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent foramen ovale (PFO), or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). 

Best Interventional Cardiology Hospital in India

Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death and disability in India and worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, more than 17 million people die from cardiovascular diseases every year, and this number is expected to rise to 23 million by 2030. Many of these deaths can be prevented or delayed by timely diagnosis and treatment of heart conditions. Recognizing this importance, Fortis Healthcare emerges as one of the best interventional cardiology hospitals in India, with a team of highly qualified and experienced interventional cardiologists who have performed thousands of successful procedures. Our interventional cardiology department is equipped with the latest technology and infrastructure, such as cath labs, hybrid operating rooms, cardiac intensive care units, and cardiac rehabilitation units. We follow the highest standards of safety and quality and adhere to the international guidelines and protocols for interventional cardiology. We also provide treatment to patients who are at high risk and have multiple vessel involvement.

Procedures for Interventional Cardiology at Fortis Healthcare

• Coronary angiography: This is a test that uses a special dye and X-rays to visualise the arteries of the heart and detect any blockages or narrowing.
• Coronary angioplasty and stenting: This is a procedure that uses a balloon and a metal mesh tube called a stent to open up the blocked arteries and restore blood flow.
• Coronary atherectomy and rotablation: This is a procedure that uses a device to cut or drill away the plaque that is causing the blockage in the arteries.
• Balloon valvuloplasty: This is a procedure that uses a balloon to widen a narrowed or stiff heart valve and improve its function.
• Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR): This is a procedure that uses a catheter to implant a new artificial valve in the aortic position, without removing the old valve.
• Transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVR): This is a procedure that uses a catheter to clip or stitch the mitral valve leaflets together, reducing the leakage of blood back into the left atrium.
• Device closure of ASD, VSD, PFO: This is a procedure that uses a catheter to place a device that seals the hole between the chambers of the heart, preventing the mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.
• Alcohol septal ablation: This is a procedure that uses a catheter to inject alcohol into a branch of the coronary artery that supplies blood to the thickened part of the heart muscle, causing it to shrink and relieve the obstruction.
• Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC): This is a procedure that uses a catheter to place a device that blocks the left atrial appendage, a small pouch in the left atrium that can harbour blood clots and increase the risk of stroke.

Fortis Hospital Mohali is one of the best non-invasive cardiology hospitals in India and specializes in all types of non-invasive heart treatments at affordable costs. Book your appointment online.

Introduction

Non-invasive cardiology is a branch of medical science focusing on diagnosing and treating heart diseases without surgical interventions. With various imaging procedures, diagnostic tests, and advanced technologies, non-invasive cardiologists can view and assess the structure and workings of the heart, identify abnormalities, and formulate treatment plans to manage cardiovascular complications efficiently. 

Techniques Used in Non-Invasive Cardiology

Non-invasive cardiologists utilize techniques such as:

1. Echocardiography: Also known as cardiac ultrasound, it is a non-invasive imaging procedure that uses sound waves to create images of the heart and helps examine its functioning to detect any abnormalities.
2. Nuclear Cardiology: This is a non-invasive analysis of cardiovascular disorders through different types of imaging using radioactive elements.
3. Stress Testing: It involves monitoring the heart’s activity by subjecting a person to physical tests like walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike. It helps gauge how the heart performs under physical stress.
4. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): It uses powerful magnets and radio waves to produce detailed images of the heart.
5. Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG): It uses heart monitors to record the electrical activity of the heart to diagnose various cardiac conditions.
6. Computed Tomography (CT) Angiography: It uses X-rays to visualize the blood vessels for blockages or narrowing and assesses the extent of coronary artery disease without requiring invasive procedures such as cardiac catheterization.

Applications of Non-Invasive Cardiology

Non-invasive cardiology plays a significant role in diagnosing, managing, and preventing many cardiovascular diseases. Its critical applications include:

1. Diagnosis of Heart Disease: Non-invasive imaging techniques such as echocardiography, cardiac MRI, and CT angiography are instrumental in diagnosing coronary artery disease, heart valve disorders, heart muscle damage, cardiomyopathies, and congenital heart defects.
2. Assessment of Cardiac Function: These techniques help evaluate the heart’s pumping function, assess the working of heart valves, and identify abnormalities in the heart structure and blood flow.
3. Risk Identification: Non-invasive stress tests and coronary calcium scoring help assess a person’s chances of developing cardiovascular disease and formulate the required preventive steps and treatment plans.
4. Monitoring: Non-invasive cardiology includes monitoring the effectiveness of treatment, such as medications, lifestyle changes, and cardiac rehabilitation programs, in managing heart conditions and enhancing cardiac function.

Benefits of Non-invasive Cardiology

Non-invasive cardiology offers multiple advantages compared to invasive techniques, making it a preferred approach for diagnosing and managing various cardiac conditions. Some of its key advantages include:

1. Safety: The technique doesn’t involve the insertion of catheters or surgical tools into the body, reducing the chances of infection, bleeding, or damage to the blood vessels or organs.
2. Minimal Discomfort: Non-invasive tests involve minimal discomfort compared to invasive procedures, which might require sedation or anesthesia.
3. Accessibility: Non-invasive tests are available easily and can be performed in outpatient settings, reducing the need for hospitalization.
4. Cost-Effectiveness: This procedure is less expensive than invasive procedures, as it does not require specialized equipment or operating rooms. 
5. Applicability: Non-invasive tests can be used to evaluate a wide range of cardiac conditions and can also be repeated, if required, to monitor changes in a person’s condition over time.
6. Early Detection and Prevention: Non-invasive tests can help identify cardiac issues early, allowing for timely intervention and preventive measures to reduce the risk of cardiovascular conditions.
7. Convenience: The procedure involves less preparation and recovery time than invasive procedures, allowing the patients to return to normal activities more quickly.

What to Expect While Consulting a Non-Invasive Cardiologist?

1.  review of the medical history for past cardiac conditions, symptoms, family history of heart disease, current medications, and lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise
2. A physical examination, including checking blood pressure, listening to the heart and lungs, and examining peripheral pulses
3. A discussion regarding symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, or fatigue, along with their frequency, duration, and severity
4. A recommendation of tests and diagnosis of the condition
5. Development of treatment modules and monitoring progress

Recent Advancements in Non-Invasive Cardiology

Advancements in technology and research have led to significant improvements in non-invasive cardiology, resulting in more precise, efficient, and patient-friendly diagnosis and treatment. Some newly designed techniques include:

1. 3D Echocardiography: Three-dimensional echocardiography provides detailed, real-time images of the heart to accurately assess cardiac anatomy and function.
2. Strain Imaging: This advanced echocardiographic procedure measures myocardial deformation, providing insights into the heart muscle’s contractile function. 
3. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Cardiac Imaging: AI algorithms aid in faster and more accurate interpretation of images, risk stratification, and diagnosis of heart disease.
4. Non-Invasive Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR): Non-invasive FFR is a safe and cost-effective procedure that uses machine learning algorithms to assess coronary artery blood flow and identify blockages.
5. Portable Imaging Devices: Portable imaging devices, such as handheld echocardiography systems and smartphone-based cardiac monitors, enable point-of-care testing and remote monitoring of patients, expanding access to non-invasive cardiac imaging in diverse clinical settings.

Complications in Non-invasive Cardiology

Potential complications associated with non-invasive cardiology include:

1. Allergic Reactions: Contrast agents used in non-invasive cardiology for imaging can cause allergic reactions in some individuals.
2. Contrast-Induced Nephropathy (CIN): The contrast agents can also cause kidney damage, especially in people with pre-existing kidney problems.
3. Arrhythmias: Certain stress tests may cause or exacerbate arrhythmias in some people.
4. Radiation Exposure: Overexposure to imaging procedures like cardiac computed tomography scans or nuclear imaging tests can lead to radiation-related complications, such as cancer. 
5. Discomfort or Pain: Some people might experience discomfort or pain during specific non-invasive procedures.
6. False Positives or Negatives: Non-invasive diagnostic tests may sometimes give inaccurate results.
7. Side-Effects: Medications used in stress tests might have side effects or react with other medications the person takes, leading to complications.

Non-invasive cardiology plays a pivotal role in diagnosing, managing, and preventing cardiovascular diseases, providing safe, effective, and patient-centric alternatives to invasive procedures. With ongoing technological advancements and research efforts, Fortis continues to evolve, using non-invasive imaging techniques to accurately assess cardiac function, diagnose heart disease, and improve patient outcomes. 

At Fortis Hospital Mohali, we have dedicated space for Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac care, where we embark on a journey to transform the lives with cutting-edge surgeries and procedures. Our spectrum of patients include those from foetus (Fetal Cardiology) to any age with those having congenital structural heart disease. Our commitment is to provide comprehensive, compassionate care for children with congenital or acquired heart conditions, ensuring a brighter healthier future for every little heart.

Our Expertise:

We bring together a multidisciplinary team of highly skilled paediatric cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, nurses, and support staff. Our team is driven by a shared mission: to offer the best possible care and outcomes for children facing cardiac challenges. With a focus on innovation and excellence, we have become a leading institution in the field of Pediatric Cardiac Sciences.

Surgeries and Procedures:

• Non – Invasive:
  • Echocardiography and cardiac investigation including CT & MRI
  • Evaluation of heart murmurs
  • Diagnosis and management of congenital heart defects
• Congenital Heart Defect Repair:
  • Tetralogy of Fallot Correction
  • Septal Defect Closure such as VSD, ASD, etc.
  • Aortic Valve Repair/Replacement
• Arterial Switch Operation
• Pulmonary valve repair / replacement 
• Fontan Operation / Glenn Surgery
• Conduit based procedure
• Catheter-Based Interventions Pulmonary & Aortic Valvuloplasty
• Balloon Dilatation of Coarctation, Balloon Angioplasty
• Device Closure of ASD, VSD, PDA, AV Canal, PA Stent 
• Balloon Atrial Septostomy
• Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC) Repair

Patient-Centered Care:

We understand that each child is unique, and so is their journey through cardiac treatment. Our approach is patient-centered, involving families in every step of the process. From preoperative consultations to postoperative care and rehabilitation, we prioritize communication and collaboration to ensure the best possible outcomes for our child patients with heart disease.

Various subspeciality clinics such as Pulmonary Artery hypertension, Foetal Cardiology, Paediatric Cardiomyopathy, etc. are part of the paediatric cardiology department. 

Innovation and Research:

Our commitment to advancing Pediatric Cardiac Sciences extends beyond clinical care. We actively participate in groundbreaking research, contributing to the development of new techniques, technologies, and treatment modalities. By staying at the forefront of medical advancements, we aim to continuously improve the quality of care we provide to our patients.

Conclusion:

At Fortis Healthcare, we believe in the resilience of little hearts. Our Paediatric Cardiac Sciences team is dedicated to pushing the boundaries of medical excellence to give children the chance to lead healthy, fulfilling lives. Explore our website to learn more about our team, facilities, and the hope we bring to families facing pediatric cardiac challenges. Together, let's champion the health and happiness of every little heart.

Vascular surgery, a vital specialty in medicine, addresses the complex network of blood vessels in the body. The vascular system includes arteries, veins, and lymphatic circulation, which are critical for overall health. Vascular surgeons meticulously diagnose and manage diseases affecting these pathways, excluding those of the heart and brain. Employing a spectrum of treatments from medication to minimally invasive procedures and surgical reconstructions, they safeguard the integrity of these vital conduits.  

Common Conditions Managed by Vascular Surgery 

The incidence of vascular diseases, including disorders affecting blood vessels and circulation, has notably increased in India over the past decade. Some of these conditions include: 

• Carotid Artery Disease: Carotid artery disease, characterized by the narrowing or blockage of neck arteries supplying blood to the brain, often stems from the accumulation of fatty plaques. In severe cases with a high risk of stroke, vascular surgery may be required for optimal management and prevention. 
• Deep Vein Thrombosis: It refers to the formation of clots in a deep vein, posing the risk of dislodging towards the lungs, potentially leading to a life-threatening event. When medications alone prove insufficient to restore healthy circulation, procedures performed by vascular surgeons provide a vital solution for optimal management and patient safety. 
• Atherosclerosis: This condition is caused by the accumulation of fats and cholesterol in artery walls, which can lead to blockages, necessitating vascular surgery in severe cases to restore blood flow and reduce the risk of serious cardiovascular events. 
• Varicose Veins: Varicose veins, characterized by dilated and enlarged veins, primarily affect the lower extremities, leading to discomfort and cosmetic implications. In cases of treatment-resistant symptoms, vascular surgery effectively resolves the condition by addressing the underlying venous insufficiency. 

Causes of Vascular Diseases 

• Atherosclerosis: The buildup of plaque in the arteries, narrowing and restricting blood flow. 
• Hypertension: Extended periods of elevated blood pressure can result in damage to the blood vessels. 
• Diabetes: It increases the risk of atherosclerosis and damages small blood vessels. 
• Smoking: It damages the walls of blood vessels and increases the risk of atherosclerosis. 
• Obesity: Excessive weight puts strain on the heart and blood vessels. 
• High Cholesterol: Elevated cholesterol levels can result in plaque buildup in arteries. 
• Family History: Genetics can play a crucial role in predisposing individuals to vascular diseases. 
• Sedentary Lifestyle: Lack of physical activity can contribute to poor circulation and vascular problems. 
• Age: The risk of vascular diseases increases due to natural wear and tear on blood vessels. 
• Poor Diet: High intake of unhealthy fats, sugars, and processed foods can contribute to vascular issues. 

Prevention of Vascular Diseases 

Before proceeding with the surgery, the consultant guides the patients toward risk factor modification to prevent disease progression or recurrence. They might recommend:  

• Promoting smoking cessation 
• Diabetes management 
• Healthy dietary modifications 
• Appropriate footwear that offers both preventive and therapeutic benefits 

Diagnosis 

• Clinical Examination: The cornerstone of vascular diagnosis often relies on clinical assessment, where symptoms guide the therapy before moving to diagnostic tests.  
• Non-Invasive Vascular Laboratory: This is an essential component of vascular diagnosis, often surpassing invasive methods. The use of a duplex scan is integral for the precise evaluation of vascular anatomy and blood flow characteristics. 
• Specific Imaging Modalities: 
• Computed Tomography (CT): Common and valuable for detailing various vascular diseases 
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An alternative method for vascular evaluation 
• Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA): Primarily performed before endovascular procedures and serves as a complementary modality post-open surgical intervention 

Types of Vascular Surgical Techniques 

Vascular surgery involves the repair of all blood vessels, excluding intracranial vessels, the heart, and the aortic arch. Techniques include exposure of vessels, vascular suturing, and the use of grafts for elective and emergency cases. The different types of vascular surgeries are as follows: 

• Carotid Artery Surgery (Endarterectomy): Surgical removal of plaque buildup in the carotid artery, which reduces the stroke risk and improves blood flow to the brain 
• Endovascular Aneurysm Repair: Minimally invasive procedure using stent grafts to reinforce weakened artery walls, preventing the risk of aneurysm rupture 
• Thrombectomy: Surgical removal of blood clots from arteries or veins, restoring normal blood flow and preventing complications like stroke or pulmonary embolism 
• Peripheral Arterial Bypass: Redirecting blood flow around blocked arteries in the legs, often using grafts to restore circulation and alleviate symptoms of peripheral artery disease 
• Varicose Vein Treatment: Techniques such as sclerotherapy or laser therapy to eliminate varicose veins, improving circulation and reducing discomfort 
• Deep Vein Thrombosis Treatment: Surgical interventions to remove clots from deep veins, preventing the risk of embolism and long-term complications 
• Arteriovenous Fistula Creation: Creation of a direct connection between an artery and a vein, commonly performed for dialysis access in patients with kidney failure 

These procedures, ranging from carotid artery surgeries to thrombectomies and beyond, are integral in managing vascular conditions, improving blood flow, and reducing the risk of serious complications. 

Postoperative Care 

Advancements in minimally invasive techniques, like endovascular repair, and enhanced perioperative anesthesia have minimized ICU admissions, marking a significant shift towards efficient postoperative management in major vascular surgeries. However, regardless of the type of vascular surgery, the following four essential components of postoperative care are universal to ensure optimal recovery and outcomes following vascular surgical procedures:  

• Hemodynamic management 
• Pain management 
• Fluid management 
• Nutrition 

Vascular surgery is the forefront of medical advancements with novel approach to managing difficult vascular conditions. With a focus on prevention, precise diagnosis, and effective interventions, vascular surgeons play a pivotal role in improving patient outcomes and quality of life.