Radiation Therapy for Cancer: How Does It Work

Radiotherapy, also known as radiation therapy, is a common treatment modality used in oncology. It involves the use of high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells or prevent their growth. Radiotherapy can be administered externally or internally, depending on the specific needs of the patient and the type of cancer being treated.

External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT):

    •    In EBRT, a machine called a linear accelerator delivers radiation beams externally to the targeted area of the body where the tumor is located.

    •    The machine rotates around the patient, precisely directing the radiation to the tumor while minimizing exposure to healthy tissues.

    •    EBRT is typically delivered in daily sessions over several weeks, with each session lasting only a few minutes.

Internal Radiation Therapy (Brachytherapy):

    •    Brachytherapy involves the placement of radioactive sources directly into or near the tumor, delivering radiation from within the body.

    •    Radioactive implants or seeds can be inserted temporarily or permanently, depending on the specific treatment plan.

    •    This technique allows for a higher radiation dose to be delivered to the tumor while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues.

Radiotherapy can be used in various stages of cancer treatment:

    •    It can be administered as a primary treatment with curative intent, aiming to eliminate the tumor entirely.

    •    It may be used as an adjuvant treatment after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence.

    •    Radiotherapy can also be employed as a palliative treatment to alleviate symptoms and improve the quality of life in advanced or metastatic cancer cases.

Benefits of radiotherapy:

    •    It can target specific areas accurately, minimizing damage to healthy tissues.

    •    Radiotherapy is often painless and non-invasive, performed on an outpatient basis.

    •    It can be used in combination with other treatments like surgery or chemotherapy for better outcomes.

    •    Radiotherapy can provide long-term control or cure for certain types of cancer.

Side effects of radiotherapy:

    •    Common side effects include fatigue, skin reactions (such as redness or irritation), and localized hair loss in the treated area.

    •    Depending on the treatment site, there may be specific side effects related to organ function, such as difficulty swallowing, urinary problems, or bowel changes.

    •    Side effects are generally temporary and resolve after treatment, although they can vary depending on individual factors.

It's important to note that the use of radiotherapy is determined on an individual basis, considering factors such as cancer type, stage, location, and the patient's overall health. The treatment plan is developed by a team of healthcare professionals, including radiation oncologists, who work closely with the patient to ensure the best possible outcomes.