Understanding Mpox: Insights from Dr. Divya Joshi, Infectious Disease Consultant

The Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) virus has emerged as a growing concern globally. Dr. Divya Joshi, Infectious Disease Consultant at Fortis Hospital, Bannerghatta Road, Bengaluru, sheds light on this disease, its transmission, symptoms, and preventive measures.

What is Mpox?

Mpox is caused by a double-stranded DNA virus closely related to the smallpox virus. Historically, individuals vaccinated against smallpox have shown partial immunity to Mpox. The disease was first identified in research monkeys in Denmark in 1958, with the first human case reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo in the 1970s.

Two Key Clades of Mpox Virus

• Clade 1 (Central African): More virulent, causing severe symptoms and higher mortality.
• Clade 2 (Western African): Less severe with milder symptoms.

The recent rise in cases worldwide has been linked to Clade 1, making it critical to identify and manage outbreaks effectively.

How Does Mpox Spread?

Mpox can be transmitted in various ways:

• Animal-to-Human: Through consumption of bush meat, scratches or bites, or handling animal cages.
• Human-to-Human: Via close physical contact, sexual transmission, respiratory droplets, and shared objects like clothing or tissues. Vertical transmission (from mother to child) is also possible.

Symptoms of Mpox

The incubation period ranges from 7 to 21 days. Key symptoms include:

Prodromal Phase: 

• Fever, body aches, headache, and lymph node swelling (cervical, axillary, or inguinal regions).

Rash Development:

• Begins as flat macules, progresses to raised papules, and then vesicles resembling chickenpox.
• Lesions develop central umbilication (a dot in the center), crust over, and heal over 2–4 weeks.

Why Mpox is a Global Concern

The contagious nature of Mpox, even during the scabbing phase, necessitates strict isolation of affected individuals for up to four weeks. Complications include:

• Encephalitis (brain inflammation)
• Sepsis
• Pneumonia
• Eye involvement leading to blindness

Diagnosis and Treatment

• Diagnosis is confirmed by testing lesion samples at specialized labs like NIV Pune.
• Currently, no effective treatment or vaccines (such as Tecovirimat, ACAM2000, or Jynneos) are available in India. Care focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications.

Preventive Measures

• General Precautions: Wear masks, avoid close contact with infected individuals, and maintain hygiene.
• For Healthcare Workers: Use full personal protective equipment (PPE), including gowns, gloves, goggles, and face shields, when handling suspected cases.

Final Note

Dr. Divya Joshi emphasizes that prevention is better than cure. Early identification, strict isolation, and protective measures are vital to controlling the spread of Mpox. Stay vigilant, prioritize hygiene, and seek medical advice if exposed to the virus or exhibiting symptoms.

For more information or concerns, consult your healthcare provider.