Cystoscopy

Cystoscopy is a procedure that permits a doctor to examine the bladder lining and the tube that conducts urine out of the patient's body (urethra). A hollow tube (here, cystoscope) equipped with a lens is placed into the urethra and slowly passed into the bladder.

Cystoscopy may be done in a testing room, utilizing a local anaesthetic jelly to numb the urethra. Or it may be conducted as an outpatient procedure, with sedation. Another alternative is to have a cystoscopy in the hospital during general anaesthesia.

Why it's done

Cystoscopy is utilized to diagnose, monitor, and treat conditions impacting the bladder and urethra. Medical professionals might order cystoscopy to:

Investigate causes of signs and manifestations. Those signs and symptoms can comprise blood in the urine, incontinence, overactive bladder, as well as painful urination. Cystoscopy can also aid determine the cause of frequent urinary tract infections. However, cystoscopy generally isn't done when you have an active urinary tract infection.

Diagnose bladder diseases and conditions. Examples comprise:

1. bladder cancer
2. bladder stones, 
3. and bladder inflammation (cystitis).

Treat bladder ailments and conditions. Special tools can be inserted through the cystoscope to treat certain conditions. For instance, tiny bladder tumours might be excised during cystoscopy.

How to prepare

The patient might be asked to:

Take antibiotics. The patient's doctor might prescribe antibiotics before and after the cystoscopy, especially if the patient has trouble fighting infections.

Wait to void bladder. The patient's doctor might order a urine test prior to cystoscopy. Patients should wait to void their bladder until they get to their appointments in case they need to give a sample of urine.

Prepare for sedation/anaesthesia.

The patient will receive an intravenous (IV) sedative or general anaesthetic during his/her cystoscopy, and plan for their recovery. Patients will need to ask someone to drive them home.

A simple outpatient cystoscopy can require five to fifteen minutes. When conducted in a hospital with sedation or general anaesthesia, it takes approximately 15 to 30 minutes.

Cystoscopy procedure might follow this process:

The patient will be asked to void the bladder. The patient will lie down on a table on his/her back. The patient will likely be positioned with their feet in stirrups and knees bent.

The patient may or may not require a sedative/anaesthetic. If you receive a sedative, he/she will feel sleepy and relaxed during the cystoscopy, but they will still be aware. If a patient receives a general anaesthetic, the patient won't be aware during the procedure. Both medication types may be given through a vein in the patient's arm.

The patient's doctor will insert the cystoscope. A numbing jelly will be put to the urethra to aid in preventing pain when the cystoscope is inserted. Post waiting a few minutes for the numbing, your doctor will vigilantly push the cystoscope into your urethra, utilising the smallest scope possible. Larger scopes might be needed to excise tissue samples or insert surgical tools into the bladder.

Patient's doctor will examine his/her urethra as well as bladder. The cystoscope has a lens on the end which works like a telescope to enlarge the inner surfaces of urethra as well as bladder. Patient's doctor might place a special video camera over the lens to project the picture onto a video screen.

The patient's bladder will be filled with a sterile solution. The sterile solution inflates the bladder and permits doctor to get a better look inside. As the patient's bladder fills, you may feel the need to urinate. Patient will be encouraged to do so once the procedure is finished.

Tissue samples might be obtained. The patient's doctor might take tissue samples for lab testing or perform an array of other procedures during the cystoscopy.

After the cystoscopy

The patient might be allowed to resume their daily routine. If you've had sedation or general anaesthesia, they might be asked to remain in a recovery area to let the effects of the medication to wear off before they leave.

Side effects post cystoscopy might comprise:

• Bleeding from the patient's urethra, which can appear bright pink in urine/on toilet tissue

• During urination - A burning sensation

• More frequent urination for the next day/two

• Patients can relieve some of the discomfort if they:

• Drink water to flush irritants out of the bladder. If they try to consume 16 ounces (or 473 milliliters) of water each hour for the first two hours post the procedure.

• Take an over-the-counter pain reliever.

• Keep a warm, damp washcloth on the opening to the urethra to relieve pain, repeating as required.

• Opt for a warm bath unless the doctor asks you to avoid baths.

Risks

Complications of cystoscopy can comprise:

Infection: Rarely, cystoscopy can introduce germs into the urinary tract, triggering an infection. Risk factors for a urinary tract infection post-cystoscopy comprise advanced age, smoking, and unusual anatomy in the urinary tract.

Bleeding: Cystoscopy might cause slight blood in the urine. Severe bleeding happens rarely.

Pain: Post the procedure, the patient might experience pain in the abdomen and a burning sensation when the patient urinates. These manifestations are generally mild and gradually get better post the procedure.

In a nutshell, a cystoscopy is a predominant procedure, and severe complications are unusual. This procedure permits a healthcare professional to look inside person's bladder. It can be utilized to check what's causing certain symptoms and treat a few bladder conditions. A cystoscope is gently inserted into the urethra and moved through it into the patient's bladder. 

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