Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix, lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is primarily caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus transmitted through sexual contact.

Types:

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma: The most common type, starting in the thin, flat cells on the cervix's surface.
• Adenocarcinoma: Arises in the mucus-producing gland cells within the cervical canal.

Risk Factors:

• HPV Infection: The leading cause, especially strains HPV-16 and HPV-18.
• Multiple Sexual Partners: Increases the likelihood of HPV exposure.
• Smoking: Linked to squamous cell cervical cancer.

Symptoms:

• Unusual vaginal bleeding, especially after intercourse.
• Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse.
• Foul-smelling vaginal discharge.
• Pain in the lower abdomen.

Investigation:

• Pap Smear: Screening test to detect precancerous changes.
• HPV Testing: To identify high-risk HPV strains.
• Colposcopy: Detailed examination of the cervix if abnormalities are found.
• Biopsy: Taken if suspicious areas are found during colposcopy.

Treatment Options:

• Surgery: Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) is common for early-stage cancers.
• Radiation Therapy: Often combined with chemotherapy for advanced stages.
• Chemotherapy: Used for advanced cases or alongside radiation.
• Targeted Therapy: Bevacizumab (Avastin) may be used for recurrent or metastatic cancer.

Prevention: HPV vaccination, Consult the expert for more information 

Prognosis:
Early-stage cervical cancer has a good prognosis with high survival rates, especially when detected early through screening. Advanced stages require aggressive treatment, and outcomes vary. HPV vaccination has been effective in reducing cervical cancer incidence. 

Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines

· Ages 21 to 29:

• Pap Smear (Pap Test): Every 3 years.

· Ages 30 and Older:

• Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test: Every 5 years.
• Alternatively, you can opt for co-testing with both Pap smear and HPV test every 5 years.