Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the ovaries, the reproductive glands responsible for producing eggs and hormones in women. Often detected late due to subtle symptoms, it is one of the more lethal gynaecological cancers.

Types:

• Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: The most common, affecting the outer surface.
• Germ Cell Tumors: Start in the egg-producing cells, typically affecting younger women.
• Stromal Tumors: Arise in hormone-producing cells, rare but generally detected early.

Risk Factors:

• Family History: BRCA1/2 mutations increase risk.
• Age: Most common in post-menopausal women.
• Hormone Replacement Therapy: Long-term use raises risk.
• Early Menstruation/Late Menopause: Longer exposure to estrogen.

Symptoms:

• Persistent bloating or abdominal swelling.
• Pelvic pain or pressure.
• Frequent or urgent urination.
• Unexplained weight changes.
• Constipation

Investigation:

• Pelvic Exam: May reveal masses.
• Ultrasound: Transvaginal ultrasound is commonly used.
• CA-125 Blood Test: Measures protein levels often elevated in ovarian cancer.
• CT Scan and MRI: Used for staging 

Treatment Options:

• Surgery: Removal of one or both ovaries, often combined with removal of the uterus in the early stage
• Chemotherapy: Standard treatment, often following surgery.
• Targeted Therapy: Drugs such as PARP inhibitors for specific mutations used in maintenance therapy 
• Biological therapy: Being researched for advanced stage.

Prognosis:
Prognosis is generally poor for advanced-stage ovarian cancer. Early detection improves outcomes, but it is difficult to catch in initial stages. Genetic testing and regular monitoring can aid those at higher risk.