Definition:
Oral cavity cancer, often referred to as mouth cancer, is a type of head and neck cancer that develops in the tissues of the oral cavity. This can include the lips, gums, tongue, inner lining of the cheeks, floor of the mouth, and roof of the mouth. Most oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, which are aggressive cancers that arise from the thin, flat cells lining the oral cavity.

Types:
The primary types of oral cavity cancer include:

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma: The most common type, affecting the flat cells on the surface.
• Verrucous Carcinoma: A rare, slow-growing form that rarely spreads.
• Minor Salivary Gland Carcinomas: Less common, originating in the salivary glands within the oral cavity.

Risk Factors:

• Tobacco Use: Smoking and chewing tobacco significantly increase risk.
• Alcohol Consumption: Excessive drinking, especially when combined with smoking.
• HPV Infection: Human papillomavirus, particularly strain HPV-16, is linked to some cases.
• Poor Oral Hygiene and Diet: Lack of oral care and diets low in fruits and vegetables.

Symptoms:

• Persistent sores in the mouth or on the lips.
• Lumps or thickening in the cheek.
• Red or white patches inside the mouth.
• Difficulty or pain in chewing and swallowing.
• Unexplained weight loss.

Investigation:
Diagnosis often begins with a physical exam followed by tests such as:

• Biopsy: A sample of the tissue is taken and analyzed.
• Imaging: CT scan, MRI, and PET scans to check the spread of cancer.
• Endoscopy: To examine deeper tissues in the oral cavity and nearby areas.

Treatment Options:

• Surgery: Removal of the tumor and possibly nearby lymph nodes.
• Radiation Therapy: Often used post-surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy: To treat advanced cases or when combined with radiation.
• Targeted Therapy: Drugs that specifically target cancer cell growth mechanisms.
• Immunotherapy:  Advanced stage can be considered 

Prognosis:

The prognosis for oral cavity cancer varies based on the stage at diagnosis. Early detection generally results in a good outcome with appropriate treatment. Advanced stages have a more guarded prognosis and may involve complex treatments. Regular dental exams and awareness of symptoms are essential for early detection.

Prevention: 

• Avoid tobacco and alcohol consumption 
• Regular oral care